english grammar

THE NOUN: CASE The relation in which a noun stands to some other word or the change of form by which this relation is indicated, is called its case. Examine these sentences:- 1. John threw a stone. 2. The horse kicked the boy. In sentence 1, the noun John is the Subject. It is the answer to the question, “Who threw a stone?” The group of words threw a stone is the Predicate. The Predicate contains the verb threw. What did John throw?-A stone. Stone is the object which John threw. The noun stone is therefore called the Object. In sentence 2, the noun horse is the Subject. It is the answer to the question, 'Who kicked the boy?” The noun boy is the Object. It is the answer to the question, 'Whom did the horse kick?” When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the Subject of a verb, it is said to be in the Nominative Case. When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the Object of a verb, it is said to be in the Objective (or Accusative) Case. Note-To find the Nomina...

THE NOUN: GENDER  You know that living beings are of either the male or the female sex. Now compare the words in the following pairs: Boy (Lion, Hero, Cock-sparrow) Girl (Lioness, Heroine, Hen-sparrow) What do you notice? The first word of each pair is the name of a male animal. The second word of each pair is the name of a female animal. A noun that denotes a male  is said to be of the Masculine Gender.    Examples:- Boy, Lion, Hero, Boy-friend. A noun that denotes a female is said to be of the Feminine Gender.   Examples:- Girl, Lioness, Heroine, Girl-friend. A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender. As- Parent, child, friend, pupil, servant, thief, relation, enemy, cousin, person, orphan, student, baby, monarch, neighbour, infant. A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender.  As- Book, pen, room, tree...

THE NOUN: NUMBER Notice the change of form in the second word of each pair: Tree (Box, Fox, Man) Trees (Boxes, Oxen, Men) The first word of each pair denotes one thing, the second word of each pair denotes more than one. A Noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular Number; as, Boy, girl, cow, bird, tree, book, pen. A Noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the Plural Number; as, Boys, girls, cows, birds, trees, books, pens. Thus there are two Numbers in English-the Singular and the Plural. How Plurals are Formed  (i) The Plural of nouns is generally formed by adding -s to the singular;  as, boy, boys; pen, pens; girl, girls; desk, desks; book, books; cow, cows; chair, chairs; cat, cats; hand, hands; house, houses; (ii) But Nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch (soft), or -x form the plural by adding -es to the Singular; as, class, classes; kiss, kisses; dish, dishes; brush,...